Python进阶教程：项目工程化与虚拟环境

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# requirements.txt（生产依赖）
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flask==3.0.0
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requests==2.31.0
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# requirements-dev.txt（开发依赖）
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-r requirements.txt
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pytest==8.0.0
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black==24.1.0
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flake8==7.0.0

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my_project/
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├── README.md            # 项目说明
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├── requirements.txt     # 依赖清单
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├── .gitignore           # Git 忽略规则
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├── setup.py / pyproject.toml  # 打包配置
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├── src/
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│   └── my_package/
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│       ├── __init__.py
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│       ├── main.py
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│       ├── utils.py
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│       └── models.py
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├── tests/               # 测试目录
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│   ├── __init__.py
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│   ├── test_utils.py
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│   └── test_models.py
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├── docs/                # 文档
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└── scripts/             # 辅助脚本

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# Python 缓存与构建
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__pycache__/
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*.py[cod]
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build/
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dist/
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*.egg-info/
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# 虚拟环境
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venv/
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myenv/
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.venv/
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# 测试与覆盖率
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.pytest_cache/
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.coverage
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htmlcov/
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# IDE 与系统
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.vscode/
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.idea/
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.DS_Store
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# 敏感信息
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.env
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*.env

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[build-system]
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requires = ["setuptools>=61.0"]
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build-backend = "setuptools.build_meta"
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[project]
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name = "my-project"
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version = "0.1.0"
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description = "一个示例项目"
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requires-python = ">=3.9"
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dependencies = [
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    "flask>=3.0",
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    "requests>=2.31",
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]
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[project.optional-dependencies]
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dev = ["pytest", "black", "flake8"]

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# scripts/setup.sh / setup.bat
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# 一键创建虚拟环境并安装依赖
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# Windows (setup.bat)
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python -m venv myenv
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call myenv\Scripts\activate.bat
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pip install -r requirements.txt
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echo 环境配置完成！

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# 步骤 1：创建目录结构
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project_root/
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├── requirements.txt
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├── .gitignore
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└── src/
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    └── hello_cli/
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        ├── __init__.py
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        └── main.py
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# 步骤 2：编写代码（src/hello_cli/main.py）
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def main():
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    print("Hello, Project!")
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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    main()
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# 步骤 3：初始化 Git 并提交
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git init
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git add .
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git commit -m "init project"